![]() ![]() Kintpuash had perhaps 150 followers and only 53 warriors as he fought off the much larger army’s assault on his position. (The area, known as Captain Jack's Stronghold, was established as the Lava Beds National Monument in 1925.) The Modocs fled to a traditional site of refuge for the tribe, the lava beds south of Tule Lake, about forty-five miles south of Klamath Falls in California. A brief battle ensued in which a few Modocs and a dozen or so resettlers were killed. Army took advantage of the onset of winter and attempted to force Kintpuash to return to the Klamath Reservation. ![]() Some resettlers desired his land, however, and agitated for his removal. ![]() He rented his lands to them and was well known and welcomed in the town of Yreka, California. Back in his homeland, Kintpuash lived near his white neighbors. In April 1870, Kintpuash and his followers returned to their villages along the Lost River. Kintpuash initially complied with the terms of the treaty, but he later repudiated it when he found conditions on the reservation intolerable and the government unwilling to address the Modocs’ grievances. Under the terms of the treaty, the Modoc people were to relocate to the Klamath Reservation. And his life highlights many of the central conflicts over emerging federal reservation policies, the continuing practice of forced removals, and the war aims of the federal government, local citizens, and Native groups in the post-Civil War era.īorn in about 1837 in a village along the Lost River in the Modocs' ancestral territory in what is today Oregon, Kintpuash was among the Modoc signatories to the 1864 treaty with the Klamath, the Modoc, the Yahooskin Paiute, and the United States. He was the only Native American leader to be tried and convicted as a war criminal. Kintpuash was hanged by the army at Fort Klamath in southeastern Oregon with three other Modoc leaders on October 3, 1873. Army forces and local militia, he held off a numerically superior force for several months. Leading a coalition of Modoc bands in a war of resistance against U.S. He rose to national prominence during the Modoc War of 1872-1873. Kintpuash (Strikes the Water Brashly), also known as Captain Jack and Kientpoos, was a principal headman of the Modoc tribe during the 1860s and early 1870s. ![]()
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